N.Y.U. Proceedings

Exploring New Approaches to Unsettled Legal Questions

Tag: 2023–2024 Page 1 of 3

Publications from the 2023–2024 academic year

When Idling Is No Longer Idle Time: Regulating Fair Compensation for Rideshare Drivers

By

On June 4, 2024

In Contributions

by Sania Chandrani*

As jurisdictions decide how to properly compensate rideshare app drivers on platforms like Uber and Lyft, they consider whether these workers are properly categorized as independent contractors or employees. With the designation of “employee” comes the protections of the Fair Labor Standards Act (“FLSA”)—minimum wage and hour regulations. Of their obligations as would-be employers, platforms contend that paying employees for time spent waiting to pick up a rider is untenable for their business model. This Contribution suggests that as states develop regulations that qualify drivers for some employee protections, courts will apply the same balancing test they do for employees when determining whether drivers’ wait time is compensable. After analyzing the prominent factors considered by courts, this Contribution argues that platforms exaggerate their concerns. Because only parts of drivers’ “idling time” would be compensable per the FLSA, regulations bringing drivers closer to employee status would not trigger a windfall for plaintiffs, but rather fairly compensate workers for time spent waiting for passengers using rideshare platforms.

Read More

Addressing Harms to Children’s Privacy and Safety Online

By

On May 15, 2024

In Contributions

by Lindsey Schwartz*

The drastic expansion in collection of consumer personal data and concerning trends in children’s health and safety, correlated with their increased time spent online, further revealed the inadequacy of current regulatory protections and motivated a recent wave of children’s privacy and online safety legislation. As a result, companies are challenging the regulations’ constitutionality, primarily in the form of alleged First Amendment violations. This Contribution argues that, despite a recent court decision finding otherwise, the California Age-Appropriate Design Code regulates children’s privacy largely within the bounds of the First Amendment, while concurrently identifying the provisions of the Code that may be constitutionally uncertain. Finally, this Contribution proposes alternative options for age-appropriate design codes that would more easily survive First Amendment scrutiny while still protecting children’s privacy interests.

Read More

Armed Against AI: How Victims of Nonconsensual Deepfake Pornography Can Bring a Federal Civil Cause of Action That Withstands First Amendment Challenges

By

On May 14, 2024

In Contributions

by Brittany Bruner*

Nonconsensual deepfake pornography (“NDFP”) damages victims and leaves people without the ability to control how they are intimately portrayed. To date, no federal statute explicitly addresses NDFP, but Congress recently passed 15 U.S.C. § 6851, a civil statute that addresses nonconsensual pornography (“NCP”). This Contribution argues that 15 U.S.C. § 6851 applies to NDFP and that NCP and NDFP should be considered First Amendment exceptions and, therefore, should not be protected speech. This statute provides an avenue by which to create these exceptions. Finally, even if NCP and NDFP are not deemed First Amendment exceptions, applying the statute to NDFP passes strict and intermediate scrutiny.

Read More

Carey after Dobbs: Minors’ Continuing Birth Control Rights and the Impermissibility of Parental Veto Power

By

On May 13, 2024

In Contributions

by Linda Kate Gilbreath*

Since Carey v. Population Services International,1 minors under the age of sixteen have had constitutional protections for their access to contraceptives. Protections for adults’ access to contraception remain without question after Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization,2 which explicitly limited its holding to the removal of abortion rights. On its face, Carey seems to have predicated minors’ right to access contraception on their then-existing right to access abortion services as part of their authority to make decisions to bear or beget a child. This Contribution argues that minors’ access to contraception is still protected. If we view “bear or beget” as a bundle of sticks, Dobbs took away the abortion stick. It did not take away the whole bundle—even for minors. Furthermore, states requiring that minors either meet strict categories of eligibility or get parental consent to access contraceptives impermissibly infringe on minors’ constitutional right to access contraception and would not pass strict scrutiny.

Read More

Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act: Balancing a Free Market Approach with Taking Responsibility

By

On April 15, 2024

In Contributions

by Sasha Kliger*

Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act of 1996 confers broad immunity to interactive websites and social media companies for content third parties post on their platforms. This immunity, however, is not unbounded. In section 230, Congress included several exceptions to immunity, including an exception for intellectual property claims, section 230(e)(2). The broad wording of the intellectual property exception has led to confusion among circuits regarding what type of intellectual property claim should remain allowed under section 230: namely, whether state law claims and right of publicity claims qualify as laws pertaining to intellectual property as described in the statute. This Contribution argues that a close look at the language of the statute demonstrates that both types of claims should remain viable against social media companies, despite the general immunity outlined in section 230.

Read More

Roger That: Evaluating First Amendment Limits to Trademark Infringement in the Aftermath of VIP Products

By

On April 10, 2024

In Contributions

by Noelle Higginson*

Trademark law allows producers of commercial goods to identify and differentiate their goods in the market by a specific mark. In this way, trademark law protects producers and consumers alike: A recognizable mark, exclusively used by a single producer, allows consumers to make informed choices about what goods to purchase and allows producers to benefit from the fruits of their labor—when they make good products, consumers associate their mark with that good reputation. Trademark infringers—those who use a confusingly similar mark to the trademark holder’s mark—interfere with that goal. However, certain products like works of art or parody that intentionally refer to another entity often must use the other’s trademark (or something similar) to achieve their purpose. These alleged infringers therefore risk trademark liability for the sake of artistic expression. The difficulty for courts is determining when the use of a mark in art or parody might defeat an infringement claim or vice versa. That determination is the province of the Rogers framework as recently considered by the Supreme Court in Jack Daniel’s Properties, Inc. v. VIP Products, LLC.1 This Contribution (i) assesses the Rogers v. Grimaldi2 framework’s application in two recent cases in lower federal courts and (ii) considers how courts can factor in First Amendment principles even when, following the VIP Products holding, Rogers does not apply.

Read More

To Release or Not to Release: Investigating the Legality of Non-Consensual Third-Party Releases in Bankruptcy

By

On April 8, 2024

In Contributions

by Justin Simms*

Perhaps the most pressing question in American bankruptcy law has been posed by the Purdue Pharma L.P. (“Purdue”) bankruptcy: do bankruptcy courts possess the authority to approve non-consensual releases of direct claims held by third parties against non-debtor affiliates as part of a Chapter 11 plan of reorganization? The complexity and practical import of this question, as well as the Bankruptcy Code’s ambiguity on the topic of non-consensual third-party releases, have caused a divide in the federal judiciary. After the Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit approved Purdue’s proposed plan of reorganization in May 2023, the United States Supreme Court granted certiorari. This Contribution argues that bankruptcy courts lack the authority to approve releases of direct claims held by third parties against non-debtor affiliates on statutory, jurisdictional, and constitutional grounds.

Read More

Lending a Helping or Harmful Hand? Why Federal Magistrate Judges Should Not Accept Felony Guilty Pleas

By

On April 3, 2024

In Contributions

by Mariana Lopez*

Magistrate judges perform a crucial role in the federal judiciary system by reducing the administrative burden on Article III judges. Courts, however, remain divided on the scope of magistrates’ duties, and importantly, whether they have  final decision-making authority to accept felony guilty pleas under Rule 11 of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure. Vesting this duty in a magistrate judge violates the Federal Magistrates Act, which allows district judges to delegate “additional duties as are not inconsistent with the Constitution and the laws of the United States.”1 The weightiness of this task, the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, and the separation of powers doctrine enshrined in the Constitution should prohibit magistrate judges from accepting guilty pleas, regardless of a criminal defendant’s consent, and require magistrates to submit a report and recommendation to an Article III judge who may then accept the plea. As the consequences of a felony verdict weigh heavily on defendants and our judicial system, this task should remain in the hands of a constitutionally endorsed Article III Judge.

Read More

Understanding Issue Classes: A Case for Why They Should Be Used and How Best to Do It

By

On April 1, 2024

In Contributions

by Rachel Greene*

Issue classes are a form of aggregate litigation wherein courts certify only specific claims or elements within those claims for class treatment. While issue classes have not always been a popular tool, plaintiffs’ attorneys today should take seriously the protections this device can afford their clients and consider pursuing issue classes over alternative aggregate litigation tools, such as multi-district litigation. This Contribution argues that issue classes should be a more widely used aggregate litigation device and outlines the mechanics of its use.

Read More

The Threat of Geofence Warrants: Why Courts Should Deem Geofence Warrants Unconstitutional Under the Fourth Amendment

By

On March 27, 2024

In Contributions

by Shirin Asgari*

Circuit courts are currently split on the constitutionality of geofence warrants. Geofence warrants grant law enforcement officers the power to access personal user data collected and stored by tech giants, such as Apple and Google. This Contribution considers the Fourth Amendment implications of geofence warrants and argues that such warrants are unconstitutional. First, given the Supreme Court’s previous reasoning under Carpenter v. United States,1 individuals have a reasonable expectation of privacy to their location information and other highly personal information attached to their accounts. Second, the nature of geofence warrants makes it impossible to establish probable cause over all individuals whose information is seized and searched beyond mere proximity, in violation of existing Supreme Court precedent established in Ybarra v. Illinois.2 Lastly, geofence warrants lack particularity and give law enforcement officers unbridled discretion to search an individual’s information, in clear violation of the Fourth Amendment.

Read More

Page 1 of 3

Next

Powered by WordPress & Theme by Anders Norén